How I Found My Future in My Past free essay sample

Every day, I create and build upon countless memories that have an extreme impact on my life. One very special memory, which will stay with me for the rest of my life, occurred when I first received my acceptance letter into the Hospital Volunteer Services program. Three years ago, I was an incoming sophomore and I had a completely boring summer planned. My mom suggested that I apply to be a volunteer at her work, so I did. On that warm early-June afternoon, I received the confirmation of the ultimate summer. I was assigned to three different locations, the hospital gift shop, the daycare, and a women’s’ support group. The location I loved the most was the employee daycare center called The Child Development Center (CDC). There, I would help keep an eye on a group of children ranging from the ages of 0-6 years old. I played with slime and play dough; helped them create dozens of spin arts and pirate hats to take home; and aided them in having a fantastic summer. We will write a custom essay sample on How I Found My Future in My Past or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What I learned there changed my life forever. The moment I first entered the Child Development Center, I fell head-over-heels in love with every single one of the kids. The babies had a magical way of making me feel needed and loved. The toddlers showed such compassion and trust towards me that I felt on cloud nine. The preschoolers â€Å"adopted† me as their older sister for the summer. I never imagined that children so very young could be interested in the same music, movies and even playground games as me! I even was able to get a little boy, who would not talk to anybody else, to tell me all about Transformers the movie that he saw over the weekend! Another little girl told me all about her obsession with Silly Bandz and actually gave me one in the shape of a dolphin, my favorite animal! Their innocent and imaginative minds opened my eyes and heart to the idea of being with young children as a career. Each week at the Child Development Center, there was a specific theme. One week the theme was â€Å"Under the Sea†, while another week was â€Å"Let’s Go Camping!† My absolute favorite themed week has always been the Carnival week. We, the volunteers, had to set up a group of simple carnival activities for the older kids to experience. There was a â€Å"Pin the Nose on the Clown† game, face painting, and even a â€Å"skee-ball† game using a set of plastic bowling pins and a bouncy ball! Participating in all the activities and giving out small prizes to the kids, made that week amazing! Three summers later, I continue to volunteer my time at the Hospital Child Development Center. Having watched all those amazing kids grow up, I can honestly say that I have an entirely new outlook on life. One moment they are just beginning to talk and crawl around, and the next they are running around telling me about their daily lives. My eyes well up with tears when I imagine them maybe one day taking the time to go back to their beloved CDC and witnessing youngsters grow up as I have watched all of them. I dream of being a teacher, a mentor, a mother, to young children for the rest of my life. College is the next step on my path to making a lifetime of unforgettable memories, centered on the loves of my life: kids.

Ethical Paper on Abortion Essays

Ethical Paper on Abortion Essays Ethical Paper on Abortion Essay Ethical Paper on Abortion Essay Abortion What is abortion? An abortion is a medical or surgical procedure used to terminate a pregnancy. A medical abortion is an abortion that is brought about by taking medications that will end a pregnancy. (1) A Surgical abortion is an abortion which ends a pregnancy by emptying the uterus (or womb) with special instruments. (1) Some of the reasons for a woman to get an abortion may be that they cant afford a/another child, health reason of the childs or her own safety, social reasons such as unwanted child or not ready for having a child, and rape or incest. Abortions performed in the seven to nine weeks of the first trimester are medical abortions. (2) All abortions after nine weeks are surgical abortions. Surgical abortions are performed from week six to 21, and any abortion after 21 weeks is very rare; less than †2% of abortions are provided at 21 weeks or after, and they are extremely rare after 26 weeks of pregnancy. Very few abortions are provided in the third trimester, and they are generally limited to cases of severe fetal abnormalities or situations when the life or health of the pregnant woman is seriously threatened. (3) In this essay I will compare the articles of Leonard Peikoff and Kerby Anderson on the topic of abortion. Leonard Peikoff is Pro-Choice, which is in favor of the womens right to chose to have an abortion. Kerby Anderson is Pro-Life, which is opposed to the womens right to chose to have an abortion in favor of the rights of the fetus to live. In Abortion Rights are Pro-Life by Leonard Peikoff, he states throughout his article that an embryo or fetus is not a human and is part of a woman. The mother has the right to decide what she wants to do with her body. Here are a few sections from his article that help describe his viewpoint upon abortion. The status of the embryo in the first trimester is the basic issue that cannot be sidestepped. The embryo is clearly pre-human; only the mystical notions of religious dogma treat this clump of cells as constituting a person. (4) We must not confuse potentiality with actuality. An embryo is a potential human being. It can, granted the womans choice, develop into an infant. But what it actually is during the first trimester is a mass of relatively undifferentiated cells that exist as a art of a womans body. (4) That tiny growth, that mass of protoplasm, exists as a part of a womans body. It is not an independently existing, biologically formed organism, let alone a person. That which lives within the body of another can claim no right against its host. Rights belong only to individuals, not to collectives or to parts of an individual. (4) One thing that can help with this point of view is by taki ng for instance a parasite such as a tapeworm. A rather crude comparison, but it is not a human being although it is dependant to one; it could not live outside a hosts body. Even though it is not a human being there are medical and surgical procedures to terminate the parasite, but it is up to the choice of the host to ride oneself of them or not. Peikoff uses very clear language and does not use any slang or jargon throughout the article and the sentence structure is well done and does transition well. However, there is a large amount of propaganda such as Anti-abortionists are not lovers of lifelovers of tissue, maybe. But their stand marks them as haters of real human beings. Another example of his propaganda is The anti-abortionists attitude, however, is: The actual life of the parents be damned! Give up your life, liberty, property and the pursuit of your own happiness. . Neither of these statements has been made by anti-abortionist, yet he makes the assertion that this is their ideology and motives against abortion. (4) The way he writes this essay he uses a slightly biased, dogmatic, and technical tone. Although he does use good medical and technical terms to describe what an embryo is, he use a dogmatic tone to describe it as though it is not a human being, since it does actually live off its own and is not an independently existing organism. When it comes to the evidence that he uses in his article mostly came from personal evidence with more opinionated evidence. There is very little actual and proven factual evidence, but of what little there is, I can see none that is unbiased. For example If we consider what it is rather than what it might become, we must acknowledge that the embryo under three months is something far more primitive than a frog or a fish. To compare it to an infant is ludicrous. (4) This is accurate, yet very biased and I feel that it is not very necessary, but does help with his point of view. One influence that I believe affects the way he thinks about this topic may be because he is an objectivist, which is a type of philosophy. For instance Rights, in Ayn Rands words, do not pertain to a potential, only to an actual being. A child cannot acquire any rights until it is born. (4) Ayn Rand is the creator of Objectivism and was his mentor; it is because of this that I believe that he is Pro-choice. Since the embryo or fetus is technically not a human being, but an embryo or fetus, and the Metaphysics of Objectivism states that Existence Exists, A is A, a human is a human, an embryo is an embryo ct and a embryo is not a human. (5) e. What perception of the topic do I think this author has? B. Kerby Anderson author of Arguments Against Abortion. In the article by Kerby Anderson he uses many different points of views and evidence that he uses to argue against abortion. Some of this evidence is through the bible and Old Testament, medical, legal, and philosophical reasons. Thr oughout his article he uses very clear language with very little complicated or more elaborate than necessary wording and includes no jargon or slang. The tone that he uses is that of a humanistic and ethical tone with very little biasness. This author is a very good writer and I could not find an instance of vague or coercive language, propaganda, or fallacies. Even though he makes reverences to the bible, he includes the whole passage referenced, leaving no instance of vague language. The only thing that may fall into one of these categories is a fallacy, but that is if one considers the bible to be a fallacy. Anderson uses several sources of evidence throughout his essay. Many and most of them come from references of the Bible and Old Testament. He has also gathered several very accurate instances of evidence that are medical arguments against abortion, such as at conception the embryo is genetically distinct from the mother. To say that the developing baby is no different from the mothers appendix is scientifically inaccurate. A developing embryo is genetically different from the mother. A developing embryo is also genetically different from the sperm and egg that created it. A human being has 46 chromosomes (sometimes 47 chromosomes). Sperm and egg have 23 chromosomes. A trained geneticist can distinguish between the DNA of an embryo and that of a sperm and egg. But that same geneticist could not distinguish between the DNA of a developing embryo and a full-grown human being. He also uses lightly bias evidence such as The point is simple. Medical science leads to a pro-life perspective rather than a pro-choice perspective. If medical science can be used at all to draw a line, the clearest line is at the moment of conception. Medical arguments provide a strong case against abortion and for life. (6). There is not one bit of unnecessary use of evidence and it is all used very sufficiently. The main influence that I believe for his stance on abortion is that he is a very religious Christian and hold the value of a human life (developed or undeveloped) very highly. He is the National Director of PROBE ministries which is a non-profit corporation whose mission is to reclaim the primacy of Christian thought and values in Western culture through media, education, and literature. (6) In a comparison of both of these authors I have found that they both wrote these articles very clearly, had some biasness, but their tones where entirely different. Leonard uses a more harsh and dogmatic tone, while Kerby uses a softer tone with more of a concern on morals rather than rights. The difference between these two authors is that Kerby uses more factual and referenced evidence than Leonard uses, and Leonards article mainly consisted of opinionated referenced evidence. The main difference between these two authors influences is that Leonard uses a philosophical influence while Kerby uses religion as his means of influence. After reviewing each authors article and comparing them I find that my stance upon abortion is a split between the two. I feel that there should be legal abortions, but only under very strong circumstances. For me the only feasible reason for an abortion should be carried out is for the health of the mother, rape or incest. If the two parties responsible for the pregnancy are sexually active, they should know that even though contraceptives are being used they are not 100% effective, and there is a chance of pregnancy. In my opinion I believe there is no such thing as an accidental pregnancy (aside from the cases of rape or incest) and an abortion should not be used for an unwanted pregnancy. I was actually lucky enough to where my father said no to the abortion that my mother wanted and raised me. My original stand point behind abortion was against it in all forms, but after the two articled, my mind has changed. Even though I am a Christian and life is very important to me, there are certain points that I agree with and have brought me to the conclusion that abortion should only be legal in cases of health, rape or incest. 1. prochoice. org/about_abortion/facts/medical_abortion. html. [Online] 2. americanpregnancy. org/unplannedpregnancy/abortionprocedures. html. [Online] 3. prochoice. org/about_abortion/facts/after_12_weeks. html. [Online] 4. abortionisprolife. com/abortion-rights-are-pro-life. htm. [Online] 5. mondopolitico. com/ideologies/atlantis/whatisobjectivism. htm. [Online] 6. leaderu. com/orgs/probe/docs/arg-abor. html. [Online]

Creating the Critical Path Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Creating the Critical Path - Assignment Example As per the planned activities of the project, there exist relationships between the activities include: start to start and end to start. Keeping in view these facts, the above given diagram shows activities having two colors including the blue and red. The activities in the blue color are non critical activities; however, the activities in red are critical. The combination of red activities which flow till end of the project develop the critical path meaning delaying one of the critical activities (red) can delay the completion of the project. From the above, the activities on the critical path include: six (6) to eleven (11), sixteen (16), seventeen (17) and twenty one (21) to twenty six (26). Therefore, the project manager along with the project team are required to concentrate on the critical activities, so that these activities complete as per the planned time and ultimately complete the project within time. However, on the other hand, the blue / non critical activities can be de layed to a certain point and this concept is known as the slack or float. And if the activity delays more than the slack or float, then this non critical activity becomes critical as well. For instance, the activity number eighteen (18) titled â€Å"Meetings’ can be delayed for eight (8) days, however, if the same activity delays for nine (9) or more days, then this activity becomes critical. ... And there are various factors which can result into the deviation from the critical path of the project. These factors include but are not limited to the following (Gardiner, 2005): i. Unrealistic schedule of the project activities (poor schedule planning), ii. The negative impact of the inter / external project risks, iii. Lacking Project Management skills iv. Allocation of inappropriate human and technical resources on the activities v. The communication gap between team members as well as the stakeholders (customer / client / vendor, etc.) vi. Unskilled team members Results of deviating from the critical path Precisely, a project can said to be a failure, if the project objectives are not achieved within the agreed deadline. It is pertinent to mention here that a delay in single critical activity leads to delay the whole project from the prescribed deadline. Therefore, one of the major results of deviating from the critical path is the delay in project completion date. However, th ere are certain other results include: an increase in the agreed cost / budget of the project, and the project would not to be said as a quality project. Simply, it can be stated that the following critical path is significant. And if by any means, the project team deviates from the critical path, the project management techniques should be utilized to bring the project again to the critical path (Meredith, and Mantel, 2008). Triple Constraint of a Project The triple constraint of a project includes: the time (deadline), cost (budget) and scope (user / client requirements). A project can be a failure if one of the triple constraints (schedule, cost and scope) is not met by the project. The quality of a project is based on the completion of the project within the triple constraints i-e

Tata Consultancy Services Limited Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tata Consultancy Services Limited - Assignment Example Tata Consultancy Services Limited The Tata code of conduct says that any employee of Tata should not engage himself/herself in any relationship, business or any such activity that might cause conflict of interest in the company or in Tata group. A situation of conflict of interest can arise directly or indirectly if an employee of the company engages in relationship, activity or business with a party who is transacting with Tata Company or if an employee is taking undue advantage of his position by influences decisions in the company or an independent decision or judgement that cannot best for the group or the company. Interaction of TCS with Financial Market Equity share capital of TCS is traded on BSE and NSE. The company has 1957220996 equity shares with value of 195.72crores traded in the exchange. The company publishes its annual report every year which helps the public and financial market participants to know about the company’s financial and profitability position. It also publishes any news regarding the company’s business operation or any legal changes in the company. The CSR program of TCS includes education, environment and health around the world. It has developed many innovative solutions to solve various societal problems by utilizing their IT competencies. It also provides support for natural disaster relief as their corporate social responsibility. It also engages itself in various community development programs organized by its clients. In 2011-12 year it had engaged itself 58362 hours for corporate social responsibilities and provides help to 5790604 beneficiaries. ... How does TCS view its social obligations and manage its image in society The CSR program of TCS includes education, environment and health around the world. It has developed many innovative solutions to solve various societal problems by utilizing their IT competencies. It also provides support for natural disaster relief as their corporate social responsibility. It also engages itself in various community development programs organized by its clients. In 2011-12 year it had engaged itself 58362 hours for corporate social responsibilities and provides help to 5790604 beneficiaries. The participants of TCS Summit 2013 attended for build a bike for local charity. They participated in the race to build the ultimate bicycle which is human powered and needs no gasoline in Hilton. It was done to help those who are in need of it. Risk Analysis Risk profile of TCS and the amount of overall risk The company operates in large size global market with comparatively low level of penetration gives it significant room for growth in future. They key risks that are faced by TCS are as follows- risks due to global economic situation, redundancy in business model, integration risk in merger and acquisition, risk in supply side, volatility in currency, risk due to protectionism, Anti bribery and compliance and risk due to pressures of cost. Where is this risk coming from and how is the risk profile changing The risks that are faced by TCS mainly come from global market and currency volatility. It also faces some internal risk like risk due to cost pressure of increasing salaries and operating expenses. It also faces challenges which include cultural, technological and financial risks from other firms after

Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Christianity - Essay Example The roots of the Christian faith are related to Old Testament Judaism. As far as according to the Scriptures Jesus was circumcised and raised as a Jew, he hallowed the Torah and all the required holytide, and visited synagogue on the Sabbath (Saturday). The apostles and other early followers of Jesus were Jews as well. In just three and a half years after the crucifixion of Christ Christianity began to spread among the nations. Christianity as a religion has three main churches which are the most major stakeholders of the world religion. The split of Christian Church, which took place in the period between sixties of IX century and fifties of XI century, led to the creation of two different churches: Orthodox and Catholic. Another newer movement of Christian religion appeared in the middle of XVI century in Europe and was called Protestantism. The three churches have the same faith direction, although certain crucial nuances their doctrines are based on are different. Christianity in general is based on the Old Testament, dating back to Abraham; the tradition of the religion honors one God (monotheism) who is considered to be the creator of the universe and mankind. However, the main brunches of Christianity also accept the idea of monotheism Trinity which means the three incarnations of God who are united by their divine nature; they are God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit (Daggers 962). Orthodox Church is the eastern branch of Christianity, which is mostly widespread within Easter Europe and less in Australia and Canada. The basis of the Orthodox doctrine is constituted by the holy Bible and the Holy Tradition which is the materials of the ecumenical councils, the writings of the Church Fathers, and liturgical practice. The roots of the doctrine come from the recognition of the triune God, the creator and ruler of the universe, the underworld, the

Comparative Analysis of British and Chinese Culture management

Comparative Analysis of British and Chinese Culture management A Comparative Analysis of British and Chinese Culture and Identification of Management Strategies for Chinese Cultural Environments Introduction The United Kingdom and China at first glance seem very different cultures, they have very contrasting histories. Chinese culture has been influenced by thousands of years of similar social structures and is heavily influenced by Confucianism, putting emphasis on family and relationships. UK culture on the other hand has been influenced by more liberal economical developments such as market deregulations resulting in more short term profit seeking and individualism. As organisations become multinational, they encounter the effects that culture has over business and are faced with problems such as how best they can operate in these cultures. Comparative analysis of British and Chinese culture When examining British culture under the lens of Hofstedes dimensions the UK shows cultural traits that are similar to its north American counterpart the USA, Yet very dissimilar to Chinese culture. The UK scored 35 in the Power Distance Index, which is well below the world average of 55 (iTim International, 2009). This shows us that power is distributed more equally than the majority of other countries. Groschla and Doherty (2005) accredit the low power distance score to Britains democratic organisational and societal structures. An example of low power distance existing in British culture is visible from Keren More and Shay Tzafrirs (2009) study investigation employees trust in their superiors. They highlighted the procedural justice routes available for UK employees for holding their supervisors and superiors accountable for there actions, a trait which is not evident in high power distance cultures where authority and trust from superiors is unchallenged. This is very different from Chinas extremely high Power Distance score of 80. This score indicates, unlike in the UK, power is distributed much less unequally. Reasons for this high score could be the effect of Chinas paternalistic culture (Bhasin, 2007) or perhaps due to inaccessible private networks or Quanzi (Liu and Porter, 2010). This large difference in Power Index score may prove a culture shock to British managers when they are first introduced to authoritarian management environments with hierarchical structures. British managers will encounter problems that they might not have encountered back in their home culture such as little feedback from subordinates (Hurn, 2011). Hofstedes IBM survey exposes UK culture as being predisposed to a high level of individualism scoring 89, a very above the average score of 43 (iTim International, 2009). In individualist societies more emphasis on the pursuit of individual interests with more emphasis on independent actions. Andrew Barron (2010) cites Randlesomes (1995) research in confirming British individualism through UK citizens ethos of individual freedom and democracy. China on the other hand scored one of the lowest scores at 20, on par with a number of other east Asian countries such as South Korea, 18, and Bangladesh, 20. Balbir Bhasin (2007) states that there is no place for individualism in China, due to China being a collectivist society that has roots going back through the countries history dominated with family hierarchical structures. Nations that have been heavily influenced by British culture historically all have a disposition for high levels of individualism, this may have been due to a diaspora of British culture over the centuries. Evidence for this is in Hofstedes survey results: USA scored 91, Australia scored 90, Canada scored 80 and New Zealand scored 79 which are all above average and comprise the majority of highly individualised countries. When operating in a collectivist society, British managers would have to integrate well with in-groups to gain rapport with Chinese colleagues, which is paramount (Dong and Liu, 2010). Other barriers, complications and differences a manager might encounter due to this collectivist culture is group participation. Culture has been seen to be reinforced through education (Hurn, 2011), the methods and differences in education has resulted in differences being displayed by students at university level. Hurn (2011) continues by explaining that British education reinforces monochromatic behaviours such as punctuality and regulations. He contrasts this with Chinese students who experience more home education systems which neglects developing theyre critical skills and group interactions. This lack of criticising other peoples ideas could lead to problems in developing group projects and improving ideas as there is an unwillingness for employees to pitch in their views. UK has a slightly higher than average masculinity score of 66 compared to the worlds average of 50 scoring (iTim International, 2009). This indicates that British culture is very competitive in nature and its people generally more assertive that other countries. This aspect of British culture is very similar to Chinese culture which is also predisposed to competitiveness and achievements, their masculinity scores were identical. From an initial management perspective, a UK manager may not feel that they would need to alter their management strategy concerning competition or achievement elements, however the identical use of deadlines in a Chinese cultural environment may come across complications. These complications could stem from British culture being monochronic contrasting Chinese polychronic view on time (Bhasin, 2007). A British manager in China may wish to address this issue by becoming more flexible to allow for changes and to maintain strong relationships with colleagues to assure people are committed to achieving the deadlines. Another similar trait of British and Chinese culture is the way they approach uncertainty, both scoring below the world average in Hofstedes IBM survey (iTim International, 2009). This perhaps, meaning these cultures are both adept at accepting risk in business. Andrew Barron (2010) cites Perlitz and Seger (2004) highlighting proof of British culture being capable of handling uncertainty by examining the legislative aspect of the nation, finding fewer written laws when compared to other countries. [Such as France for example] Rodrigues and Kaplans (1998) research suggests that there is a trend that countries with low uncertainty avoidance scores consist of low formalised organisations. They continue by explaining that these organisations would have more lenient rules, laws and regulations. This would have implications of management practices operated in the UK and China, managerial decisions are more reliant on the mangers discretion rather than following procedure or protocol. [I disagree, there are still a lot of rules governing how managers and employees act à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Human resources initiatives, health and safety practices etc] Criticising this analysis, the use of Hofstedes work which includes many assumptions may not provide a an accurate due to changes cultures, Bhasin (2007) notices a change in individualism in the new generation of Chinese people. Hofstedes concepts have stopped being further researched and are simply accepted as fact on further cultural studies (Dorfman and Howell, 1988; cited by Swierczek, 1994). Further more, there is a risk of stereotyping nations when addressing culture. However, Fons Trompenaars (Lloyd and Trompenaars, 1994) believes that stereotyping is not bad, as long as negative connotations are avoided and the user of the stereotypes has the knowledge to use them correctly. Management Strategies in Chinese Cultural Environment When dealing in Chinese cultural environment, a manager must understand the concept of guanxi. Liu and Porter (2010) explain that personal networks exist in Chinese cultures, individuals in these networks have guanxi or relationships. Developing guanxi with colleagues is crucial for managers to gain contacts and to improve their working relationship. Due to personal relationships are needed to succeed in China, developing these personal ties are needed for nationals and expatriates to do business (Bhasin, 2007). This brings the question of how managers could develop guanxi with their Chinese counterparts; Yanxia Zhu et al (2007) demonstrates that effective negotiations always start with preliminary meetings before the actual negotiation begins. Therefore, by having preliminary meetings and networking a manager could overcome barriers such as information exchange and accelerating decision making procedures (Dong and Liu 2010). Following on from guanxi is the managerial need to address the concept of quanzi. Whilst guanxi relates to two peoples relationship, quanzi relates to personal networks of many of these relationships. These personal networks can form irregular organisational and hierarchical structures that differ from western organisation structures (Liu and Porter, 2010). Liu and Porter continue by advising the introduction of incentives by organisations to stop this practice such as elevating cooperative staff and by introducing industry best practices. Their study concludes that an organisation must change the culture of its employees, however trying to change peoples predispositions due to culture could seem an unattainable goal. Liu and Porters (2010) statements could be seen as contradictory to Natale et als (1994) view that successful cross cultural management involves realistic objectives, which changing employees culture may well be. Natale et als (1994) state that the issue of communication is fundamental in managing a different culture. This brings into debate which communication strategy is best used in workplaces with Chinese cultural environments. Using a Tell communication style would be appropriate in this instance, when taking in consideration several characteristics of Chinese culture. Their high power index score indicates that there is little dialogue or feedback from subordinates when taking business decisions. Conclusion British and Chinese culture displays very different key traits, however under further scrutiny there can be many similarities prevalent: These two cultures share competitive and risk taking attitudes to business that managers from each culture can appreciate when working in the others environment. Major differences in management techniques exists, partly due to the paternalistic Chinese culture of hierarchy that puts excess respect on age and status and the more equally distributed power distance in the UK. The cross cultural strategies, such as overcoming guanxi and quanzi problems are specifically aimed at combating these in-groups and cliques. However there are many small changes managers can make in their strategies, such as changing their style of communication and the way the personally behave in their counterpart culture.

The Reader :: Literature Literary Text Papers

The Reader In the academic study of literature very little attention has been paid to the ordinary reader, the subjective individual who reads a particular text. David S. Miall and Don Kuiken, in their paper The form of reading: Empirical studies of literariness state, Almost no professional attention is being paid to the ordinary reader, who continues to read for the pleasure of understanding the world of the text rather than for the development of a deconstructive or historicist perspective. The concerns that an ordinary reader seems likely to have about a literary text, such as its style, its narrative structure, or the reader's relation to the author, the impact on the reader's understanding or feelings - such concerns now seem of little interest. In this paper I should like to study a few kinds of reader and the subjectivity of their responses to the objectivity found within literary texts, quoting some views found within reader-response criticism. Before I begin, I should like to consider what is meant by the term 'literary text', and what is meant by the objectivity of it. According to Terry Eagleton, [1] the definition of 'literary', as advanced by the Russian formalists, (who included in their ranks are Viktor Shklovsky, Roman Jakobson, Osip Brik, Yury Tynyanov, Boris Eichenbaum and Boris Tomashevsky), is the peculiar use of language. Literature is said to transform and intensify ordinary language, deviating from the everyday colloquial tongue. The literariness of the language spoken could be determined by the texture, rhythm and resonance of the words used. There is a kind of disproportion between the signifier and the signified, by virtue of the abstract excesses of the language, a language that flaunts itself and evokes rich imagery. Eagleton argues that what distinguishes the literary language from other forms of discourse is the way it 'deforms' ordinary languages in various ways. Under the pressure of literary devices, ordinary language is intensified, condensed, twisted, telescoped, drawn out and turned on its head. [1] According to Wolfgang Iser, [2] a literary work has two poles; the aesthetic and the artistic. The artistic pole is the author's text, and the aesthetic is the realisation accomplished by the reader. Hence the literary work cannot be considered as the actualisation of, or identical to, the text, but is situated somewhere between the two. Iser speaks of the text as a virtual character that cannot be reduced to the reality of text or to the subjectivity of the reader, and it derives its dynamism from that virtuality.