William Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice - 2269 Words

Samantha Hansen ENG 314 Brother Brugger 12.15.14 The Question of Shylock It is hard to read The Merchant of Venice without finding at least one character to sympathize with. The unforgettable villain Shylock as well as Portia, Shakespeare’s first and one of his most famous heroines are arguably some of this plays most beloved characters. But, is Shylock really the villain? Or is he a victim of circumstance? Shylock’s insistence for a pound of flesh has made him one of literatures most memorable villains, but many might be inclined to say he is a compelling and sympathetic figure, rather then a villainous figure. By applying multiculturalism to this play, one might be able to deduce that through the exploitation of Jewish stereotypes common during the time this play was written, as well as language and character development, Shakespeare creates a character for which we not only feel scorn and derision, but also pity and compassion. Jewish Stereotypes The Jewish community was treated horribly during the time of the Merchant of Venice. They wer e never really considered true citizens of the town and were never respected by Christians of the time who adopted a bigoted attitude towards Jews and even forced them to wear red hats that showed them that they were separate from the citizens (Birnbaum). When Solanio and Salerio, both Christians, refer to Shylock as â€Å"the dog Jew† that was just another way of Shakespeare saying that Jews were treated like Mutts, a comical way ofShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare s comedy The Merchant of Venice uses contrasting religions to draw out major themes through the ethnic divides that are exemplified. The play expresses the extreme cultural divide between the Jews and Christians through a legal contract between two men. The rivalry between the two men, Shylock and Antonio is clear from the beginning of the play and only intensifies as it continues on. Modern day readers most likely take away a slightly different message from the play than whatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1320 Words   |  6 Pagesghetto, and were treated as inferior to the rest of the city. William Shakespeare’s play The Merchant of Venice exhibits the prejudicial attitudes of his era. Antonio, a Christian merchant, makes a deal with Shylock, a Jewish moneylender. Shylock uses it as an opportunity to exact revenge by demanding a pound of Antonio’s flesh if he does not meet his end of the bargain. By pitting the majority of his characters against Shylock, Shakespeare portrays Shylock in a way that discriminates against all JewsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1970 Words   |  8 Pagesthe titles are reflective of the protagonists featured within. For example, the famous titles of Julius Caesar and Hamlet tell the tragedies of those respective characters. However, when it comes to William Shakespeare’s fourteenth play, The Merchant of Venice, it can be argued that Antonio, the merchant, is not who the play is about. In fact, there is not just one character, but instead multiple that fit the description of the protagonist. The main plot, or rather plots, of the play revolve aroundRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1315 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare the play is based upon the hierarchy between Christian men and Jewish men. A character by the name of Bassanio borrows money from his friend Antonio, and Antonio borrows the money from Shylock to give to Bassanio. Eventually, Antonio cannot pay the money back because his ships have supposedly sunk. Therefore, he comes close to death because he signed a bond with Shylock stating that Shylock would get a pound of his flesh if the bond was not repaidRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words   |  7 Pagesuseless dialogue can make readers skip over what seems like a false beginning to a good story. But thi nk about this: what if those seemingly lengthy, extra, useless words were actually important? For example, the opening 115 lines of William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice are provide minimal support to the story at first glance. In these lines, Antonio and his friends are discussing the dynamics of happiness and sadness in order to find the root of Antonio’s sad mood. This portion of the play givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Merchant Of Venice988 Words   |  4 PagesAs I finished reading Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare, I realized that the struggle of the play gyrates around whether justice is truly served and is morality advocated or manipulated by those in authority. The struggle between the principles of justice have caused many readers to question the interaction between the definition of morality and justice. The bond that causes readers to take a closer look throughout the play originates from Shylock’s desire for vengeance and Antonio’s desireRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words   |  7 Pagesfundamentalist Americans. The ills of money-lending from the Eastern perspective have been fodder for Western literature for centuries, replete with illustrations that mirror the differences and similarities in East-West cultural norms. In William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, money-lending has gone awry. In Act I, Scene iii, the Italian Antonio seeks to borrow 3,000 ducats from the Jewish Shylock, and Shylock intends to charge him interest, which is against Jewish economic-religious principles (BateRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is so alike to our financially afflicted world. The rules of law and commerce are subject to deceptive manipulation, fear of the other overwhelms respect for a common humanity, duplicity is the norm, sexuality is a vehicle for ambition, and money drives and wraps almost every action. It is a classic tale that includes important details of the financial crisis in the Unit ed States during 2007-2009. Shakespeare’s Venice, like the New York of his time - and theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice2059 Words   |  9 Pagesin The Merchant of Venice resembles a folktale known as â€Å"A Pound of Flesh† (325). Artese supports his supposition with background context and parallels between the two story lines. Literary versions of the pound of flesh story circulated during the sixteenth century and were collected since the nineteenth century because of the plot’s longevity and populairity Shakespeare would have been familiar with pound of flesh stories (326). Human commodification is a central issue in both The Merchant of VeniceRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1616 Words   |  7 PagesThe Merchant of Venice offers another unique perspective on crossdressing as it existed on the English Renaissance stage. Howard suggests that Portia’s crossdressing is â€Å"more disruptive than Violaâ€⠄¢s† (Howard, p. 433) because Portia herself was an unruly woman to begin with. Portia has become the master of her own destiny with the passing of her father, for she is referred to as the Lord of Belmont now that no man exists to fill such a role. What remains of the patriarchal authority, particularly

Effects of Population Growth in the Philippines - 1957 Words

Chapter 1 I. Introduction Chuchucuhcuh. According to the NSO or National Statistics Office in the Philippines, the population growth as of 2013 is ninety eight million seven hundred thirty four thousand seven hundred ninety eight or 98,734,798 in numbers. It is said that the rate of the population of the Philippines is rapidly growing. Chuchcuchuchu we must know the shape of things to come, this days our country is in the state of growing population which eventuaaly leads to several environmental isues as well as social problems . These threats are very necessary to be addressed, as they will affect people worldwide. It is important that we look at these problems since every human has the ability to prevent future damages and adjust†¦show more content†¦On 1995, the POPCEN was launched, undertaken at the month of September, The data provided the bases for the Internal Revenue Allocation to local government units, and for the creation of new legislative areas. The count was made offi cial by then President Fidel Ramos by Proclamation No, 849 on August 14, 1995, The population was 68,616,536. According to the executive director of the Commission on Population Tomas Osias, the population of the Philippines may reach 101.2 million by 2014. Attempts to introduce a reproductive health law to bring down the population growth rate has been consistently opposed by the Catholic Church, the dominant religion of the country. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines ii. Reasons why Filipino have immense population growth a. Population Tradition of having big families – Filipino prefers to have big family of 6-12 children. They believe that their children will lessen their loneliness during old age, even though half of them become ungrateful. Children are considered priceless gifts of God, more than wealth. b. Question of Gender – parents want to have their first born child to be a boy. They ignore family planning, because they want to have boys as their next child if they have only girls. c. The male macho image – Most Filipino feel that masculinity lies on the ability to impregnateShow MoreRelatedGeography of the Philippines essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesGeography and climate have always had very potent effects on culture. Geography, or the study of relationships between people and locations on Earth, very often shapes the way people live and interact with each other. Climate, or the prevailing weather patterns over time of a region, also has drastic effects on society and cultures, and these statements are especially true in the South East Asian nation of the Philippines. The Republic of the Philippines is an archipelago, or chain of islands, locatedRead MorePopulation Growth in the Philippines1412 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This research paper, Philippine Environment: Trends and Issues, aims to deliver summarized though informative information about our nation’s environment. It aims to inform decision making, research, and discussion on environmental conditions in Philippines, environmental issues of current and ongoing concern, environmental pressures of interest, and changes by drawing together up-to-date environmental data and analysis from both official and trustworthy sources. It also aims to supportRead MoreCultural Influences Of The Philippines1601 Words   |  7 Pages The Cultural Influences of the Philippines SSG Thurber, Michael J. ALC Class: 002-16 Introductory In a few hundred years, traditional Filipino Culture has changed. It went from developed tribes to a more modern day society. In this essay we will be discussing the unique culture of the Philippines and the causes of that culture. Such as, the regional location, growth in population, military conflicts, before and after the Spanish colonization, the Spanish-American War, theRead MoreA Report From The Philippine Statistics Authority ( Psa )1471 Words   |  6 Pagesreport from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), by the year 2045, the Philippine population is projected to increase to 142 million according to the latest 2010 Census-based population projections. Around 50 million people would be added in a span of 35 years. This increase in numbers would take place even if the average annual growth rate is projected to decline significantly, from 1.73 percent during 2010-2015 to 0.65 percent during 2040-2045. The Philippine population grew by 1.9 percentRead MoreEssay on Un employment and Migration in the Philippines1634 Words   |  7 Pagesalone has many diminishing factors for growth and development. The cycle of problems of the country continues to grow which include migration, unemployment, poverty, and underemployment. This paper will aim to illustrate the effects of international migration due to unemployment status. The issue of high unemployment is a great factor in the development of the country and is generally affected by several elements such as lack of job opportunities, population growth, the annual increase in the labor forceRead MoreDeterminants of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Philippines Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesknown for, in the Earth’s atmosphere. Many environmental activists are putting pressures to every facet of society and making them aware about the harm of the continuously increasing carbon dioxide emission that the world is experiencing. The Philippines is already starting to experience sudden extreme changes in its climate and natural disasters that were not as forceful decades back. This does not only reflect negatively on the environment, but also on the economy as these disasters and changesRead MoreEssay on The Phillippines Economy1234 Words   |  5 PagesThe Phillippines Economy Over the past few years, the Philippines economy has undergone a remarkable transformation. In the late 80s and early 90s the Philippines were stuck with poor political leadership, economic growth, and slow paced economic development. Today it is recognized globally that the Filipino economy has turned around to produce a positive growth. One of their biggest accomplishments has been the GNP growth rate rise from zero in the early nineties to between 5% and 6%Read MoreRelated Literature -Rh Bill1675 Words   |  7 PagesThe link between population growth and economic development was the subject of intense research from the 1960s to the 1980s. A common view was that  rapid population growth  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ of two percent or higher per year then prevailing in many developing countries – was more likely to hinder than foster economic development. This negative effect operates via reduced child care and  human capital investment, lower household savings for private and public investments, and constraints on allocative efficiency, entrepreneurshipRead MoreMajor Characteristics Of A Philippine Culture1031 Words   |  5 PagesPhilippine Cultural Awareness Culture is the shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs, and affective understanding that is learned through a process of socialization. These shared patterns, identify the members of a culture group while also distinguishing those of another group. Five major characteristics of a Philippine culture include family, beliefs, customs, food, and language. In this essay geography and military conflict history, weather analysis, and civil considerationsRead MoreThe Most Crucial Problem of Philippine: Deforestation1153 Words   |  5 PagesPhilippine Deforestation: Final Paper Deforestation is one of the most crucial problem of the Philippines today, because of poor economic performance, weak polices, legal institutions and government laws, increasing population, poverty, corruption , agricultural expansion and lastly, extensive commercial logging activities. Philippines is a beautiful country rich in its biodiversity and natural resources, the country has 7,107 islands with a land area of 300,000 square kilometers. Unfortunately

Care of the Malnourished Elderly Patient Free Essays

string(60) " of care to assist patients with improving their nutrition\." Table of Contents Page numbers Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Chapter 1 / Introduction Origin of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Significance or Importance of the Problem for Nursing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6-8 Problem Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Care of the Malnourished Elderly Patient or any similar topic only for you Order Now 8 Purpose of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 Hypothesis- Null and Research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 9 Definition of Terms.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9-10 Assumptions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. 10 Chapter II/Review of Literature Review of Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11-16 Chapter III/Methodology and Research Design Research Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Variables†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17-18 Selection of Subjects and Research Setting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. †¦Ã¢ € ¦. 18-19 Data Collection Instruments †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. 19 Statistical Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦. 20 Data Collection Procedure †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 APPENDICES A. Request for Permission to Survey Participants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. 22 B. Nutritional Assessment Survey†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦23-26 REFERENCES . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦27-28 Chapter I. Introduction Origin of the Problem In our society, malnutrition and under-nutrition is a rising problem for the older adult population. Approximately 35%-85% of residents living in a long-term care facility, 60% of hospitalized older adults, and an estimate of 5%-10% of older adults living in community settings are malnourished (Maher and Eliadi, n. d. ). These statistics sadly show that hospitalized and long-term care patients are more likely to become under nourished compared to the elderly population in the community. According to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI, 2007), malnutrition can lead to serious or adverse health outcomes. Malnutrition has been linked to lengthy hospital stays with higher complications, morbidity, mortality, and frequent visits to their general practitioner (JBI, 2007). There are several risk factors (i. e. physical, psychosocial, social, and medical factors) that lead to malnutrition (Maher Eliadi, n. . ). It is predicted that by 2030, the elderly population in the United States will double in size and exceed 70 million people. In light of these predictions, addressing the nutritional needs of the elderly will reach epic proportions and become a complex issue. Based on clinical observation, the signs and symptoms of malnutrition and under nutrition are often overlooked. Observing residents in a clinical s etting at a local long- term health care facility precipitated our interest in this problem with malnutrition. The majority of elderly people living in care homes either have dementia, suffer from some form of physical disability, or have difficulty swallowing, which restricts them from adequately hydrating and nurturing themselves. With dementia, they usually do not remember how to eat or how to chew. With various physical disabilities, such as upper extremity contractures, their ability to feed themselves is often limited. In the event of swallowing difficulties, their food preference is often altered to prevent choking or aspiration. This often discourages them from eating due to the texture of the diet ordered. With the issues fore-stated, the residents often have to rely on the staff to assist them with meals. Caregivers often contribute to the problem of malnutrition because not enough time is devoted to assisting and supervising the residents to ensure they are eating properly. It is our job as caregivers to know the signs of malnutrition and risk factors that lead to malnutrition so that it can be detected and reported to the physician or dietitian early, before major problems occur. Various nutritional screening tools, assessment tools, studies, and research programs are available to help isolate and provide aggressive preventive treatment strategies for those at risk. The Nutritional Form for the Elderly (NUFFE), Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST), and the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) are instrumental in detecting and providing interventions to decrease morbidity and mortality. These various studies help support the fact that malnutrition is overlooked, unrecognized, and left untreated by nurses and healthcare professionals. Other studies find that even though malnutrition was identified, no interventions were put into place to treat this growing concern. Significance of the Problem for Nursing In a hospital based setting, there are several different groups and departments that deal with patient care. These departments and groups consist of nutritionists, doctors, social workers and other disciplines. However, the nurses are ultimately responsible for the entire care of the patient throughout their stay. Nurses realize that many elderly patients come into the hospital undernourished or malnourished related to their being on a fixed income, having reduced access to food, having poor knowledge of nutrition, or being dependent on others for food preparation. These elderly patients sometimes have chronic illness such as depression, cancer, diabetes, renal failure, and cardiovascular disease that leads to malnutrition or under- nutrition (Briggs 2007). Under-nutrition is a wide spread problem that usually results in the elderly staying in the hospital longer related to a delay in recovery, more complications, and higher mortality rate. That is why it is important for nurses to do a detailed assessment upon admission to prevent these issues or problems. It is the nurse’s responsibility to gather all the background information about a patient during the assessment period. This will help to diagnose the nutritional status from the beginning of the patient’s care. Some of the information that is collected during this time, such as the patient’s mental status, allows the nursing team to identify if the patient is oriented or has problems with dementia. According to Briggs’ 2007 article, dementia is a common cause of under nutrition, as are the adverse effects of medications, such as digoxin and some anti-depressants. Antihistamines, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and lithium zinc deficiency can alter a patient’s taste and smell. For this reason, the nurse needs to collect a medication list that is current (Briggs 2007). During this process, nurses should ask questions that will reveal information about the patient’s medical history. This is done to identify possible diseases that have an effect on the patient’s nutritional status. Nurses should use all resources available to them after collecting data to assist with care of the patient. It is important for the nurse to know the policies and procedures at the current hospital to consult specialists in order to improve patient care. This allows each department access to review the patient’s medical information and provide patient care as needed. Nurses are the primary caregivers for elderly patients in the hospital. When a malnourished patient is admitted nurses often develop plans of care to assist patients with improving their nutrition. You read "Care of the Malnourished Elderly Patient" in category "Papers" Some of the ways that have been recommended are serving food at the appropriate temperature, providing food that is packed with nutrients, offering food that the patient enjoys eating, and giving oral supplements throughout the day to increase caloric intake. A good tip that nurses could use would be to always offer food or drinks when entering the patient’s room. From this research we know that poverty is one reason for malnutrition. When developing a plan of care for this patient the nurses can solicit the help of a social worker to help find resources to save money and provide food (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Malnutrition is a significant problem in nursing because it alters the type of care a nurse can provide. For instance, if a wound already exists, malnourished patients are at a higher risk for decreased wound healing. The nurse will then have to improve the nutritional status before proper wound healing can occur. The malnourished individual can become very weak and is thereby prone to falls. The impoverished elderly patient may not only be malnourished but have insufficient funds to purchase needed supplies, such as diabetic test strips and glucose monitoring systems. This could also lead to weakness and the development of further complications. Nurses need to ensure that daily weights and labs are obtained to track the progress of each patient. Malnutrition may seem secondary in nature, but it can grow into a monumental problem. Problem Statement Do registered nurses use evidence-based standards in the care of elderly hospitalized patients who are undernourished? Purpose of Study The purpose of this study is to examine registered nurses usage of evidence-based standards in the care of undernourished elderly hospitalized patients. Hypothesis Research Hypothesis: Registered nurses use evidence-based standards in the care of undernourished elderly hospitalized patients. Null Hypothesis: Registered nurses do not use evidence-based standards in the care of undernourished elderly hospitalized patients. Definition of Terms For the purpose of this study, the following terms have been defined: 1. Undernourished- defined as an imbalance of nutrients caused by either an excess intake of nutrients or a nutritional deficit. (Maher Eliadi, n. d. ) 2. Older Adults- Age 64 or older. Maher Eliadi, n. d. ) 3. Associate Degree Registered Nurse- Registered nurses (RN’s) provide and coordinate patient care, educate patients and the public about various health conditions, and provide advice and emotional support to patients and their family members. Registered nurses must also become licensed by passing a national licensing examination. An associate degree is an academic degree awarded on satisfactory completion of a 2-ye ar course of study, usually at a junior college. (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012) (Elsevier, 2009) 4. Evidence-Based Practice- the use of scientific evidence, integrated with clinical experience and incorporating patient values and preferences in the practice of professional nursing care. (Houser, 2012, p. 12) 5. Hospital Setting- a health care facility that provides inpatient beds, continuous nursing services, and an organized medical staff. (Elsevier, 2009) Assumptions 1. If caregivers feed elderly patients, then the proper amount of the meal will be consumed. 2. Registered nurses help to prevent malnutrition in elderly patients. 3. The adequate amount of protein consumed in an elderly patient’s diet prevents malnourishment. . Registered nurses provide help with dietary interventions of the undernourished. 5. If the proper screening tools are performed on admission, the elderly patient’s weight will improve. Summary People in this nation are living longer. As recognized throughout this research, malnutrition in the elderly patient is at an extremely high level. It is not only the nursing home patients experiencing undernourishment but the hospitalized elderly patients also. Malnutrition is prevalent throughout the elderly community. Through using evidence based practice tandards, malnutrition tools, and education strategies this dilemma can be improved. CHAPTER II. Review of the Literature Undernourishment has long been a prevalent problem among the elderly, especially in an acute-care setting. It has been a long-standing challenge for health-care providers to determine the most effective process for identifying those that are undernourished, at-risk for undernourishment, as well as intervening promptly and appropriately. A review of literature was done to examine registered nurses usage of evidence-based standards in the care of undernourished elderly hospitalized patients. Much of the literature supports the use of nutritional screenings to identify undernourished patients and reduce the number of those patients in the hospital setting. Undernourishment is often referred to as malnutrition. The effects of malnutrition, which is the inadequate consumption of essential nutrients, are very devastating to the health of an individual. As well-known among healthcare providers, inadequate nutrition can prolong wound healing, suppress the immune system, lead to increased length-of-stay, and increase the risk of mortality from comorbidities. The article entitled, â€Å"How well do nurses recognize malnutrition in elderly patients,† describes how well nurses are able to recognize the problem of undernourished patients and if care is being provided to these patients. There are numerous methods that can be used in determining if a patient is malnourished. In this study Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Body Mass Index (BMI), and a detailed questionnaire was used. The MNA is a simple, reliable, and well-validated tool used to determine a patient’s nutritional status. MNA gives a maximum of 30 points. A score of less than 17 indicates the patient is undernourished, while a MNA of 17-23. 5 shows a patient is at risk for malnutrition. BMI is another tool used in determining the status of a patient’s nutritional state. In this study a BMI of less than 20 is considered to be high risk for malnutrition. A questionnaire was given to nurses to determine daily routines related to nutritional care such as amount of food consumed at each meal, snacks between meals, and any oral nutritional supplements given. The study examined elderly patients in a long-term care unit in Helsinki City hospitals in Finland to determine if nurses are able to recognize undernourished patients and if adequate care was provided (Suominen, Sandelin, Soini, Pitkala, 2009). The above study included 1,043 elderly hospitalized patients for a two-week period. The nurses measured the BMI of patients as well as their MNA, but the nurses were not aware of the values to determine an undernourished state. In addition, the nurses were asked if they believed the patients were malnourished by simply marking yes or no. The nurses that performed the study participated in a 3-hour course to learn how to organize the study, assess the patients, and to complete the questionnaire (Suominen et al,. 2009). The results of the study, â€Å"How well do nurses recognize malnutrition in elderly patients,† revealed that malnutrition is not recognized by nurses and therefore results in the inability to provide evidence-based care to the patients. The results showed that 56. 7% were malnourished with an MNA How to cite Care of the Malnourished Elderly Patient, Papers

Organitational Culture And Ethical Issues On Public Relations

Question: Discuss aboout the Corporate Communication Effective Organitational Culture And Ethical Issues On Public Relations. Answer: Introduction It is with such concerns, that this report aims at analyzing the need for effective organizational culture and an understanding of the ethical issues in public relations which may affect the performance of the Johns Outback Adventures Tours company and help them in making decision on whether or not they should implement a training program to its employees. For efficiency and growth purposes of the company, the management will need to develop or introduce this program which will train all its employees on how cultivating an effective organization culture can promote the growth of their business and how small ethical issues may be a hindrance to the success of the business. The report also aims at providing suitable recommendations to the management and employees of Johns Outback Adventures and Tours Company which will guide them in commencing the training program. Developing an effective organization culture Most organizations or companies just like the Johns Outback Adventures Tours are characterized by their own culture which is distinct from those of other organizations or companies. The knowledge and the understanding of on organization culture are very important the business environments both internally and externally according to Khoury and Fadl (2016). Research has shown that the integration and success of most companies or businesses are as a result of operating within its culture. Organizational culture, therefore, shapes the way of thinking and interaction of individuals in an organization and helps them get things done. According to York (2011), the culture of any organization, whether a firm or a company or an association, can be defined as the existence of some shared systems of beliefs, values and certain assumptions in an organization, which dictates the behavior of its members. Hence it may comprise of the general behavior of individuals, their habits, rules governing the ir behavior, the work ethics, the moods of the people and the general work climate. Research provides that the culture of an organization shapes its members just as it is for individual personality to shape an individual. Therefore, for Johns Outback Adventures Tours to improve its business or corporate communication and public relations, the initial change must start internally from the organization or company. The change will encompass the understanding of the companys culture and develop an enabling culture that will help them achieve their goals and objectives. Corporate in an organization may be internal or external depending on the targeted audience, vertical or horizontal, from the company to its clients or clients to the company, as well as from vendors and distributors of the company to the management. The communication should be very objective, informative and well documented. Its purpose and that of corporate writers are to influence public opinion and attitudes and especially to the companys potential investors in a way that will create much support for the business practices and on the other hand undermine the opposition of the activities according to Pratheeba (2016, p.34). It is important therefore for the employees and management of the Johns Outback Adventures Tours to get an understanding of the companies culture as it will help them in promoting both internal and external integration, increase or promote moral behaviors, bring all labor force among organizational layers together and enhance their general performance in actualization of the goals and objectives of the company. Such an understanding is important as a business or corporate culture plays a vital role in the achievement of the missions and strategies of an organization as well as improving the effectiveness of the organization and managerial change. Research has also provided that extremism organizational culture or existence of a strong organizational may sometimes be very harmful and may influence the general performance of its workforce. In most cases, such a strong culture may act as a barrier and impediment to the members in achieving certain status within the organization. How to build and sustain an effective organization culture According to Davenport (2015), the growth of organizational culture results as a consequence of both personality and collective experiences over a period of time and are usually passed on from one member to the other in the organization. There is also a need to understand the factors which enhance the cultural integration of any company such as the rituals and business routines, the stories associated with the businesses and the symbols as well as the organizational structure and its relationship with power and authority. As mentioned in our definition, organization culture is comprised of a set of organizational beliefs and ideologies, symbols and core values which are shared by all members of an organization and influences their activities.it is, therefore, the responsibility of the strategic management or leadership of the business to shape the organizational culture. Dhingra and Petunia (2016) also denotes that cultural identity in an organization gives its members some internal stability and cohesion and therefore the understanding and acceptance of organizational culture are very important if need be for a cultural change to match the changing environmental needs. An appropriate organizational culture, however, encourages the development of employees entrepreneurial spirits. Organizational culture is built on the mission and vision statements of any company according to Davenport (2015, p. 90). It is, therefore, important for all stakeholders and members of Johns Outback Adventures Tours Company to understand the mission and vision statements of their company. Research has shown that these statements help in defining the culture of any organization. In most cases, the mission statement of the company explains or generally portrays why an organization exists. It also states the activities or businesses the organization carries out as pointed out by Chaudhri (2016, p. 23). The mission statement of any organization should be short to promote a better understanding and communication among the members as well as being broad in order to promote or facilitate expansion and development. It should also be narrow in a way that allows or provides a course and direction which facilitates decision making. The vision statement of the organization, on the other hand, expresses the future desired state of the company or organization. Fawkes (2010) denotes that it gives an outline of the plan of reach intended by the organization, the general effect the company will make, gives a brief overview of the values and strengths of the company as well as bringing the staff of the company together for a common effect. It provides an inspiration and acts as a measure of the progress of the companys activities. The vision statement also gives direction on how the employees of the company are expected to behave or conduct themselves and inspire them to give their best towards the actualization of the goals and objectives of the company. Lastly, the vision statement shapes the customer's understanding of why they should work or invest with the company. When the existing culture of an organization becomes destructive or hindrance to the direction of the company, Choi and Rashad (2015) denote that the management or strategic leaders must recognize the need to change the culture or modify it in order to fit into the existing structure of the organization. A change in organization culture comes about with a lot of volatility and certain cases of unpredictability which may end up bringing about stress to the members of the organization as a result of an emotional response to culture change according to Wells and Walker (2016). However, the process of overcoming resistance to change should be done in a positive way and it largely depends on changing the attitudes and behavior of the organization of its members. And in most cases, Dhingra and Punia (2016) provide that people who remain hostile and in self-denial to the process of culture change may find it difficult or may not even have a place in the transformation process of that organi zation. Ethical issues in public relations Ethics play an important tool in the development of the image and reputation of a company. For the case our Johns Outback Adventures Tours, which its main customers or clients are from the tourism sector, there is a great need to instigate ethical grounds in the activities of the company, Friedman et al. (2015, p. 456). Therefore there is a need for the employees of the company to get an understanding of the ethical elements in their work environments. By ethics, this study explores the boundaries or what constitutes to wrong or right doing in the context of work environments. According to Fawkes (2010), ethics in workplace sets the standards or criteria through which key decisions are made by the management or the employees on what is right or wrong. According to utilitarian context, Fawkes (2010) denotes that ethics has been used to imply to an activity or decision that produces the best possible outcome. Such a view that has been criticized, as many holds to the opinion that certa in principles are right or wrong regardless of their consequences. In other words, a moral person or individual must by all means not only achieve good results but must comply and employ the proper means and guided by good intentions or motives. Success in the tourism industry will entail a good reputation of the company and this can only be achieved through engagement or practicing business activities on the right ethical grounds. Therefore, this knowledge is fundamental to employees of Johns Outback Adventures Tours in the development of good business ventures, in attracting new customers and investors. In most cases, the organization's ethics are controlled or determined by the management and its the responsibility of the employees to accept the patterns and especially if there are rewards attached to them according to Ki and Kim (2010, p. 67). At times the employees can act under the influence of their cultural, political and economic influence but the motive should not go against the values and objectives of the company. The management should ensure that these ethical standards exist in order to protect employees rights in the company as well as enhancing a common good for the majority of the people. Ethical issues can either build or damage the reputation of a company or organization. In this case, ethical issues are termed as a dishonest act or choice in business that bears negative effects to the person the customers or any other person or business connected to the company or firm. If not addressed in time then it may cause serious problems to the business, Siano et al. (2013, p. 89). It may be a bad decision made by the employees or the management or a wrong deed that affects the business customers or other business entities connected to the business or company. According to Zivkovic, and Ivanova (2016), some of the underlying reasons which can affect or attract unethical behaviors may include; the management or staff giving an advantage of short term goals over the long term goals. Such will lead to diverting the attention of workers towards realizing short-term goals at the expense of long term goals and may not meet the needs of its customers. The other reason may be due t o lack of or the non-existence of written ethical codes resulting to random behaviors and misguided decision making in the company as denoted by Robberts, et al. (2017, p. 90).There also may be cases of solving ethical dilemmas too fast or just over the surface, the management may need to take ethical dilemmas among the employees seriously. And lastly, the unethical behavior may be prevalent in circumstances where ethics are viewed or thought about as legal questions in the work environment. Ethical issues in the work environment have necessitates the importance of creating public relations. Stucke (2014) in his study shows that public relations have been considered as a corporate conscience in which in most cases fits very well with business ethics of social responsibility. The Public Relations Society of America has developed some codes of professional development in relation to public relations profession. Such codes may be important to the employees of Johns Outback Adventures Tours in providing behavioral guidelines to its members, in educating the management on public relations standards and in distinguishing public relations professionals from sociopathic individuals who may use the companys name for bad intentions or personal motives and gains. According to Gallo (2015), the knowledge of public relations will give the employees the understanding of some of the responsibilities of a public relation officers or representatives. The employees are all by default public relations representatives of their companys and they carry the image of their companies in every place they go. Such responsibilities or duties include; maintaining the reputation of Johns Outback Adventures Tours to its customers and the general public as well as informing them on the new developments in company products and offers and company news. They also play a major role in handling customer complaints and issues and are always busy blogging on the company websites as well as using the company social media platforms to maintain the companys public image. The public relations department or the employees of the company must ensure that they maintain the happiness of their clients or customers for the growth of their tourism business. All businesses have always had goals and objectives of their own to achieve, in order to achieve this; Voet, Groeneveld, and Kuipers (2014) denote that they must create successful business relationships with different publics such as the employees, the shareholders in the business and the local community. Such an understanding can only be achieved if there are effective communications. The development of public relations career has seen the effect of four models which have been used to guide the standards of public relations. The first model was known as the press agency model which is the oldest and its main emphasis was on generating media coverage, and therefore the advocates of the model did not believe in bad publicity according to Keyton (2016, p. 56). The second model was the public information model and its main idea was based on creating good media relations in order to promote good publicity. The third model was a two-way asymmetric model and usually emphasized that to reac h a consensus or agreement, business communication should be based on data or information gathered from a targeted public. Lastly, we had, a two-way symmetric model which has been recognized to sharing the views of public relations, it utilizes the input of the public in order to improve the company products and also takes into consideration the general opinion of the organization. Organization culture from the research above may be defined as the unwritten feeling of the symbol of the organization which is mostly believed to be intangible and persistent and no clearer definition can be given about it. It represents a system of beliefs and values which are shared by the organization members and differentiates the organization from the others. The ethical issues in public relations will always remain vital to the growth and success of the business. The strategic management should, therefore, focus on creating a culture of corporate communication centered on the recipients demands and interests rather than that of the sender. Conclusion The understanding of the practice of developing an effective organization culture in work is not only important to the employees but also to the management team of the company. The culture defines the practices and directions of the activities of the company. The tourism sector has greatly evolved and increased its operations and therefore it is important for the Johns Outback Adventures Tours Company to implement such a training program as it will keep its staff and members updated and knowledgeable of the increasing demands of the tourism industry. The implementation of the program will also benefit the company in terms of building its workers capacity, training of employees improves performance and efficiency and promotes the quality of services provided to clients and business customers, Dempsey, J 2015. The knowledge of the ethical issues will reduce factors which may undermine the growth of the business through poor public relations. The knowledge of public relations will, ther efore, be essential in promoting the image of the company to the business environments and the general public, Turaga, R 2016 Recommendations The company should implement the training on effective organization culture as well as on ethical issues in public relations and should commence as soon as possible. Every employee in the company should purpose to undertake the program for effective performance of the company. The management of the company should take full responsibility for ensuring that business or organization culture is adhered to in course of business operations. The activities of the employees in the company should be guided or established within the established codes of ethics in order to protect the company public image or relations. The management should also change any aspects of organization culture which may act as a hindrance to achieving a social status position by the employees or affect their performance in the company. References Belias, D, Velissariou, E, Kyriakou, D, Gkolia, A, Sdrolias, L, Koustelios, A, Varsanis, K 2016, 'The Advantages of Organizational Culture in Greek Banks', Journal Of Management Research (09725814), 16, 3, pp. 123-134, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 8 May 2017. Chaudhri, V 2016, 'Corporate Social Responsibility and the Communication Imperative: Perspectives From CSR Managers', International Journal Of Business Communication, 53, 4, pp. 419-442, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. Davenport, TO 2015, 'Thriving at Work: How Organizational Culture Affects Workplace Fulfillment', People Strategy, 38, 3, pp. 38-42, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 8 May 2017. Dempsey, J 2015, 'Moral Responsibility, Shared Values, and Corporate Culture', Business Ethics Quarterly, 25, 3, pp. 319-340, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. Dhingra, R, Punia, B 2016, 'Impact of Organizational Culture on Employees' Readiness to Change', Journal Of Management Research (09725814), 16, 3, pp. 135-147, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 8 May 2017. Dhingra, R, Punia, B 2016, 'Impact of Organizational Culture on Employees' Readiness to Change', Journal Of Management Research (09725814), 16, 3, pp. 135-147, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. Fawkes, J 2010, 'The Shadow of Excellence: A Jungian Approach to Public-Relations Ethics', Review Of Communication, 10, 3, pp. 211-227, Communication Mass Media Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. Friedman, L, Cheyne, A, Givelber, D, Gottlieb, M, Daynard, R 2015, 'Tobacco Industry Use of Personal Responsibility Rhetoric in Public Relations and Litigation: Disguising Freedom to Blame as Freedom of Choice', American Journal Of Public Health, 105, 2, pp. 250-260, SPORTDiscus with Full Text, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. Gallo, A 2015, 'How to Speak Up About Ethical Issues at Work', Harvard Business Review Digital Articles, pp. 2-7, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. Keyton, J, Caputo, J, Ford, E, Fu, R, Leibowitz, S, Liu, T, Polasik, S, Ghosh, P, Wu, C 2013, 'Investigating Verbal Workplace Communication Behaviors', Journal Of Business Communication, 50, 2, pp. 152-169, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. Khouly, S, Fadl, N 2016, 'The Impact of Organizational Culture on Work Quality', Competition Forum, 14, 2, pp. 210-215, SPORTDiscus with Full Text, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. Ki, E, Kim, S 2010, 'Ethics Statements of Public Relations Firms: What Do They Say?', Journal Of Business Ethics, 91, 2, pp. 223-236, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. Moid, S, Alam, A 2016, 'Scaling Service Quality in the Tourism Industry with Special Reference to Uttar Pradesh', Journal Of Management Research (09725814), 16, 1, pp. 25-43, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. Ng Choi, T, Rashad, Y 2015, 'Managing Organizational Change and Resistance from an Individualist vs. Collectivist Perspective', International Journal Of Management, Accounting Economics, 2, 9, pp. 1065-1074, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. Pratheeba, N 2016, 'Essence of Corporate Communication', Language In India, 16, 4, pp. 118-125, Communication Mass Media Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 8 May 2017. ROBERTS, J, COHEN, I, DEUBERT, C, LYNCH, H 2017, 'EVALUATING NFL PLAYER HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE: LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES', University Of Pennsylvania Law Review, 165, 2, pp. 227-314, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. Siano, A, Vollero, A, Confetto, M, Siglioccolo, M 2013, 'Corporate communication management: A framework based on decision-making with reference to communication resources', Journal Of Marketing Communications, 19, 3, pp. 151-167, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. Stucke, ME 2014, 'In Search of Effective Ethics Compliance Programs', Journal Of Corporation Law, 39, 4, pp. 769-832, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. Turaga, R 2016, 'Organizational Models of Effective Communication', IUP Journal Of Soft Skills, 10, 2, pp. 56-65, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. van der Voet, J, Groeneveld, S, Kuipers, B 2014, 'Talking the Talk or Walking the Walk? The Leadership of Planned and Emergent Change in a Public Organization', Journal Of Change Management, 14, 2, pp. 171-191, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. Wells, J, Walker, N 2016, 'Organizational Change and Justice: The Impact of Transparent and Ethical Leaders', Journal Of Intercollegiate Sport, 9, 2, pp. 179-199, SPORTDiscus with Full Text, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. York, C 2011, 'CREATING AN ETHICAL CULTURE IN YOUR WORKPLACE', Journal Of Property Management, 76, 1, p. 12, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 May 2017. Ã… ½ivkovi?, S, Ivanova, T 2016, 'ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AS ONE OF THE MAIN FACTORS FOR THE SUCCESSFUL SAFETY MANAGEMENT', Serbian Journal Of

How I Found My Future in My Past free essay sample

Every day, I create and build upon countless memories that have an extreme impact on my life. One very special memory, which will stay with me for the rest of my life, occurred when I first received my acceptance letter into the Hospital Volunteer Services program. Three years ago, I was an incoming sophomore and I had a completely boring summer planned. My mom suggested that I apply to be a volunteer at her work, so I did. On that warm early-June afternoon, I received the confirmation of the ultimate summer. I was assigned to three different locations, the hospital gift shop, the daycare, and a women’s’ support group. The location I loved the most was the employee daycare center called The Child Development Center (CDC). There, I would help keep an eye on a group of children ranging from the ages of 0-6 years old. I played with slime and play dough; helped them create dozens of spin arts and pirate hats to take home; and aided them in having a fantastic summer. We will write a custom essay sample on How I Found My Future in My Past or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What I learned there changed my life forever. The moment I first entered the Child Development Center, I fell head-over-heels in love with every single one of the kids. The babies had a magical way of making me feel needed and loved. The toddlers showed such compassion and trust towards me that I felt on cloud nine. The preschoolers â€Å"adopted† me as their older sister for the summer. I never imagined that children so very young could be interested in the same music, movies and even playground games as me! I even was able to get a little boy, who would not talk to anybody else, to tell me all about Transformers the movie that he saw over the weekend! Another little girl told me all about her obsession with Silly Bandz and actually gave me one in the shape of a dolphin, my favorite animal! Their innocent and imaginative minds opened my eyes and heart to the idea of being with young children as a career. Each week at the Child Development Center, there was a specific theme. One week the theme was â€Å"Under the Sea†, while another week was â€Å"Let’s Go Camping!† My absolute favorite themed week has always been the Carnival week. We, the volunteers, had to set up a group of simple carnival activities for the older kids to experience. There was a â€Å"Pin the Nose on the Clown† game, face painting, and even a â€Å"skee-ball† game using a set of plastic bowling pins and a bouncy ball! Participating in all the activities and giving out small prizes to the kids, made that week amazing! Three summers later, I continue to volunteer my time at the Hospital Child Development Center. Having watched all those amazing kids grow up, I can honestly say that I have an entirely new outlook on life. One moment they are just beginning to talk and crawl around, and the next they are running around telling me about their daily lives. My eyes well up with tears when I imagine them maybe one day taking the time to go back to their beloved CDC and witnessing youngsters grow up as I have watched all of them. I dream of being a teacher, a mentor, a mother, to young children for the rest of my life. College is the next step on my path to making a lifetime of unforgettable memories, centered on the loves of my life: kids.

Ethical Paper on Abortion Essays

Ethical Paper on Abortion Essays Ethical Paper on Abortion Essay Ethical Paper on Abortion Essay Abortion What is abortion? An abortion is a medical or surgical procedure used to terminate a pregnancy. A medical abortion is an abortion that is brought about by taking medications that will end a pregnancy. (1) A Surgical abortion is an abortion which ends a pregnancy by emptying the uterus (or womb) with special instruments. (1) Some of the reasons for a woman to get an abortion may be that they cant afford a/another child, health reason of the childs or her own safety, social reasons such as unwanted child or not ready for having a child, and rape or incest. Abortions performed in the seven to nine weeks of the first trimester are medical abortions. (2) All abortions after nine weeks are surgical abortions. Surgical abortions are performed from week six to 21, and any abortion after 21 weeks is very rare; less than †2% of abortions are provided at 21 weeks or after, and they are extremely rare after 26 weeks of pregnancy. Very few abortions are provided in the third trimester, and they are generally limited to cases of severe fetal abnormalities or situations when the life or health of the pregnant woman is seriously threatened. (3) In this essay I will compare the articles of Leonard Peikoff and Kerby Anderson on the topic of abortion. Leonard Peikoff is Pro-Choice, which is in favor of the womens right to chose to have an abortion. Kerby Anderson is Pro-Life, which is opposed to the womens right to chose to have an abortion in favor of the rights of the fetus to live. In Abortion Rights are Pro-Life by Leonard Peikoff, he states throughout his article that an embryo or fetus is not a human and is part of a woman. The mother has the right to decide what she wants to do with her body. Here are a few sections from his article that help describe his viewpoint upon abortion. The status of the embryo in the first trimester is the basic issue that cannot be sidestepped. The embryo is clearly pre-human; only the mystical notions of religious dogma treat this clump of cells as constituting a person. (4) We must not confuse potentiality with actuality. An embryo is a potential human being. It can, granted the womans choice, develop into an infant. But what it actually is during the first trimester is a mass of relatively undifferentiated cells that exist as a art of a womans body. (4) That tiny growth, that mass of protoplasm, exists as a part of a womans body. It is not an independently existing, biologically formed organism, let alone a person. That which lives within the body of another can claim no right against its host. Rights belong only to individuals, not to collectives or to parts of an individual. (4) One thing that can help with this point of view is by taki ng for instance a parasite such as a tapeworm. A rather crude comparison, but it is not a human being although it is dependant to one; it could not live outside a hosts body. Even though it is not a human being there are medical and surgical procedures to terminate the parasite, but it is up to the choice of the host to ride oneself of them or not. Peikoff uses very clear language and does not use any slang or jargon throughout the article and the sentence structure is well done and does transition well. However, there is a large amount of propaganda such as Anti-abortionists are not lovers of lifelovers of tissue, maybe. But their stand marks them as haters of real human beings. Another example of his propaganda is The anti-abortionists attitude, however, is: The actual life of the parents be damned! Give up your life, liberty, property and the pursuit of your own happiness. . Neither of these statements has been made by anti-abortionist, yet he makes the assertion that this is their ideology and motives against abortion. (4) The way he writes this essay he uses a slightly biased, dogmatic, and technical tone. Although he does use good medical and technical terms to describe what an embryo is, he use a dogmatic tone to describe it as though it is not a human being, since it does actually live off its own and is not an independently existing organism. When it comes to the evidence that he uses in his article mostly came from personal evidence with more opinionated evidence. There is very little actual and proven factual evidence, but of what little there is, I can see none that is unbiased. For example If we consider what it is rather than what it might become, we must acknowledge that the embryo under three months is something far more primitive than a frog or a fish. To compare it to an infant is ludicrous. (4) This is accurate, yet very biased and I feel that it is not very necessary, but does help with his point of view. One influence that I believe affects the way he thinks about this topic may be because he is an objectivist, which is a type of philosophy. For instance Rights, in Ayn Rands words, do not pertain to a potential, only to an actual being. A child cannot acquire any rights until it is born. (4) Ayn Rand is the creator of Objectivism and was his mentor; it is because of this that I believe that he is Pro-choice. Since the embryo or fetus is technically not a human being, but an embryo or fetus, and the Metaphysics of Objectivism states that Existence Exists, A is A, a human is a human, an embryo is an embryo ct and a embryo is not a human. (5) e. What perception of the topic do I think this author has? B. Kerby Anderson author of Arguments Against Abortion. In the article by Kerby Anderson he uses many different points of views and evidence that he uses to argue against abortion. Some of this evidence is through the bible and Old Testament, medical, legal, and philosophical reasons. Thr oughout his article he uses very clear language with very little complicated or more elaborate than necessary wording and includes no jargon or slang. The tone that he uses is that of a humanistic and ethical tone with very little biasness. This author is a very good writer and I could not find an instance of vague or coercive language, propaganda, or fallacies. Even though he makes reverences to the bible, he includes the whole passage referenced, leaving no instance of vague language. The only thing that may fall into one of these categories is a fallacy, but that is if one considers the bible to be a fallacy. Anderson uses several sources of evidence throughout his essay. Many and most of them come from references of the Bible and Old Testament. He has also gathered several very accurate instances of evidence that are medical arguments against abortion, such as at conception the embryo is genetically distinct from the mother. To say that the developing baby is no different from the mothers appendix is scientifically inaccurate. A developing embryo is genetically different from the mother. A developing embryo is also genetically different from the sperm and egg that created it. A human being has 46 chromosomes (sometimes 47 chromosomes). Sperm and egg have 23 chromosomes. A trained geneticist can distinguish between the DNA of an embryo and that of a sperm and egg. But that same geneticist could not distinguish between the DNA of a developing embryo and a full-grown human being. He also uses lightly bias evidence such as The point is simple. Medical science leads to a pro-life perspective rather than a pro-choice perspective. If medical science can be used at all to draw a line, the clearest line is at the moment of conception. Medical arguments provide a strong case against abortion and for life. (6). There is not one bit of unnecessary use of evidence and it is all used very sufficiently. The main influence that I believe for his stance on abortion is that he is a very religious Christian and hold the value of a human life (developed or undeveloped) very highly. He is the National Director of PROBE ministries which is a non-profit corporation whose mission is to reclaim the primacy of Christian thought and values in Western culture through media, education, and literature. (6) In a comparison of both of these authors I have found that they both wrote these articles very clearly, had some biasness, but their tones where entirely different. Leonard uses a more harsh and dogmatic tone, while Kerby uses a softer tone with more of a concern on morals rather than rights. The difference between these two authors is that Kerby uses more factual and referenced evidence than Leonard uses, and Leonards article mainly consisted of opinionated referenced evidence. The main difference between these two authors influences is that Leonard uses a philosophical influence while Kerby uses religion as his means of influence. After reviewing each authors article and comparing them I find that my stance upon abortion is a split between the two. I feel that there should be legal abortions, but only under very strong circumstances. For me the only feasible reason for an abortion should be carried out is for the health of the mother, rape or incest. If the two parties responsible for the pregnancy are sexually active, they should know that even though contraceptives are being used they are not 100% effective, and there is a chance of pregnancy. In my opinion I believe there is no such thing as an accidental pregnancy (aside from the cases of rape or incest) and an abortion should not be used for an unwanted pregnancy. I was actually lucky enough to where my father said no to the abortion that my mother wanted and raised me. My original stand point behind abortion was against it in all forms, but after the two articled, my mind has changed. Even though I am a Christian and life is very important to me, there are certain points that I agree with and have brought me to the conclusion that abortion should only be legal in cases of health, rape or incest. 1. prochoice. org/about_abortion/facts/medical_abortion. html. [Online] 2. americanpregnancy. org/unplannedpregnancy/abortionprocedures. html. [Online] 3. prochoice. org/about_abortion/facts/after_12_weeks. html. [Online] 4. abortionisprolife. com/abortion-rights-are-pro-life. htm. [Online] 5. mondopolitico. com/ideologies/atlantis/whatisobjectivism. htm. [Online] 6. leaderu. com/orgs/probe/docs/arg-abor. html. [Online]

Creating the Critical Path Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Creating the Critical Path - Assignment Example As per the planned activities of the project, there exist relationships between the activities include: start to start and end to start. Keeping in view these facts, the above given diagram shows activities having two colors including the blue and red. The activities in the blue color are non critical activities; however, the activities in red are critical. The combination of red activities which flow till end of the project develop the critical path meaning delaying one of the critical activities (red) can delay the completion of the project. From the above, the activities on the critical path include: six (6) to eleven (11), sixteen (16), seventeen (17) and twenty one (21) to twenty six (26). Therefore, the project manager along with the project team are required to concentrate on the critical activities, so that these activities complete as per the planned time and ultimately complete the project within time. However, on the other hand, the blue / non critical activities can be de layed to a certain point and this concept is known as the slack or float. And if the activity delays more than the slack or float, then this non critical activity becomes critical as well. For instance, the activity number eighteen (18) titled â€Å"Meetings’ can be delayed for eight (8) days, however, if the same activity delays for nine (9) or more days, then this activity becomes critical. ... And there are various factors which can result into the deviation from the critical path of the project. These factors include but are not limited to the following (Gardiner, 2005): i. Unrealistic schedule of the project activities (poor schedule planning), ii. The negative impact of the inter / external project risks, iii. Lacking Project Management skills iv. Allocation of inappropriate human and technical resources on the activities v. The communication gap between team members as well as the stakeholders (customer / client / vendor, etc.) vi. Unskilled team members Results of deviating from the critical path Precisely, a project can said to be a failure, if the project objectives are not achieved within the agreed deadline. It is pertinent to mention here that a delay in single critical activity leads to delay the whole project from the prescribed deadline. Therefore, one of the major results of deviating from the critical path is the delay in project completion date. However, th ere are certain other results include: an increase in the agreed cost / budget of the project, and the project would not to be said as a quality project. Simply, it can be stated that the following critical path is significant. And if by any means, the project team deviates from the critical path, the project management techniques should be utilized to bring the project again to the critical path (Meredith, and Mantel, 2008). Triple Constraint of a Project The triple constraint of a project includes: the time (deadline), cost (budget) and scope (user / client requirements). A project can be a failure if one of the triple constraints (schedule, cost and scope) is not met by the project. The quality of a project is based on the completion of the project within the triple constraints i-e

Tata Consultancy Services Limited Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tata Consultancy Services Limited - Assignment Example Tata Consultancy Services Limited The Tata code of conduct says that any employee of Tata should not engage himself/herself in any relationship, business or any such activity that might cause conflict of interest in the company or in Tata group. A situation of conflict of interest can arise directly or indirectly if an employee of the company engages in relationship, activity or business with a party who is transacting with Tata Company or if an employee is taking undue advantage of his position by influences decisions in the company or an independent decision or judgement that cannot best for the group or the company. Interaction of TCS with Financial Market Equity share capital of TCS is traded on BSE and NSE. The company has 1957220996 equity shares with value of 195.72crores traded in the exchange. The company publishes its annual report every year which helps the public and financial market participants to know about the company’s financial and profitability position. It also publishes any news regarding the company’s business operation or any legal changes in the company. The CSR program of TCS includes education, environment and health around the world. It has developed many innovative solutions to solve various societal problems by utilizing their IT competencies. It also provides support for natural disaster relief as their corporate social responsibility. It also engages itself in various community development programs organized by its clients. In 2011-12 year it had engaged itself 58362 hours for corporate social responsibilities and provides help to 5790604 beneficiaries. ... How does TCS view its social obligations and manage its image in society The CSR program of TCS includes education, environment and health around the world. It has developed many innovative solutions to solve various societal problems by utilizing their IT competencies. It also provides support for natural disaster relief as their corporate social responsibility. It also engages itself in various community development programs organized by its clients. In 2011-12 year it had engaged itself 58362 hours for corporate social responsibilities and provides help to 5790604 beneficiaries. The participants of TCS Summit 2013 attended for build a bike for local charity. They participated in the race to build the ultimate bicycle which is human powered and needs no gasoline in Hilton. It was done to help those who are in need of it. Risk Analysis Risk profile of TCS and the amount of overall risk The company operates in large size global market with comparatively low level of penetration gives it significant room for growth in future. They key risks that are faced by TCS are as follows- risks due to global economic situation, redundancy in business model, integration risk in merger and acquisition, risk in supply side, volatility in currency, risk due to protectionism, Anti bribery and compliance and risk due to pressures of cost. Where is this risk coming from and how is the risk profile changing The risks that are faced by TCS mainly come from global market and currency volatility. It also faces some internal risk like risk due to cost pressure of increasing salaries and operating expenses. It also faces challenges which include cultural, technological and financial risks from other firms after

Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Christianity - Essay Example The roots of the Christian faith are related to Old Testament Judaism. As far as according to the Scriptures Jesus was circumcised and raised as a Jew, he hallowed the Torah and all the required holytide, and visited synagogue on the Sabbath (Saturday). The apostles and other early followers of Jesus were Jews as well. In just three and a half years after the crucifixion of Christ Christianity began to spread among the nations. Christianity as a religion has three main churches which are the most major stakeholders of the world religion. The split of Christian Church, which took place in the period between sixties of IX century and fifties of XI century, led to the creation of two different churches: Orthodox and Catholic. Another newer movement of Christian religion appeared in the middle of XVI century in Europe and was called Protestantism. The three churches have the same faith direction, although certain crucial nuances their doctrines are based on are different. Christianity in general is based on the Old Testament, dating back to Abraham; the tradition of the religion honors one God (monotheism) who is considered to be the creator of the universe and mankind. However, the main brunches of Christianity also accept the idea of monotheism Trinity which means the three incarnations of God who are united by their divine nature; they are God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit (Daggers 962). Orthodox Church is the eastern branch of Christianity, which is mostly widespread within Easter Europe and less in Australia and Canada. The basis of the Orthodox doctrine is constituted by the holy Bible and the Holy Tradition which is the materials of the ecumenical councils, the writings of the Church Fathers, and liturgical practice. The roots of the doctrine come from the recognition of the triune God, the creator and ruler of the universe, the underworld, the

Comparative Analysis of British and Chinese Culture management

Comparative Analysis of British and Chinese Culture management A Comparative Analysis of British and Chinese Culture and Identification of Management Strategies for Chinese Cultural Environments Introduction The United Kingdom and China at first glance seem very different cultures, they have very contrasting histories. Chinese culture has been influenced by thousands of years of similar social structures and is heavily influenced by Confucianism, putting emphasis on family and relationships. UK culture on the other hand has been influenced by more liberal economical developments such as market deregulations resulting in more short term profit seeking and individualism. As organisations become multinational, they encounter the effects that culture has over business and are faced with problems such as how best they can operate in these cultures. Comparative analysis of British and Chinese culture When examining British culture under the lens of Hofstedes dimensions the UK shows cultural traits that are similar to its north American counterpart the USA, Yet very dissimilar to Chinese culture. The UK scored 35 in the Power Distance Index, which is well below the world average of 55 (iTim International, 2009). This shows us that power is distributed more equally than the majority of other countries. Groschla and Doherty (2005) accredit the low power distance score to Britains democratic organisational and societal structures. An example of low power distance existing in British culture is visible from Keren More and Shay Tzafrirs (2009) study investigation employees trust in their superiors. They highlighted the procedural justice routes available for UK employees for holding their supervisors and superiors accountable for there actions, a trait which is not evident in high power distance cultures where authority and trust from superiors is unchallenged. This is very different from Chinas extremely high Power Distance score of 80. This score indicates, unlike in the UK, power is distributed much less unequally. Reasons for this high score could be the effect of Chinas paternalistic culture (Bhasin, 2007) or perhaps due to inaccessible private networks or Quanzi (Liu and Porter, 2010). This large difference in Power Index score may prove a culture shock to British managers when they are first introduced to authoritarian management environments with hierarchical structures. British managers will encounter problems that they might not have encountered back in their home culture such as little feedback from subordinates (Hurn, 2011). Hofstedes IBM survey exposes UK culture as being predisposed to a high level of individualism scoring 89, a very above the average score of 43 (iTim International, 2009). In individualist societies more emphasis on the pursuit of individual interests with more emphasis on independent actions. Andrew Barron (2010) cites Randlesomes (1995) research in confirming British individualism through UK citizens ethos of individual freedom and democracy. China on the other hand scored one of the lowest scores at 20, on par with a number of other east Asian countries such as South Korea, 18, and Bangladesh, 20. Balbir Bhasin (2007) states that there is no place for individualism in China, due to China being a collectivist society that has roots going back through the countries history dominated with family hierarchical structures. Nations that have been heavily influenced by British culture historically all have a disposition for high levels of individualism, this may have been due to a diaspora of British culture over the centuries. Evidence for this is in Hofstedes survey results: USA scored 91, Australia scored 90, Canada scored 80 and New Zealand scored 79 which are all above average and comprise the majority of highly individualised countries. When operating in a collectivist society, British managers would have to integrate well with in-groups to gain rapport with Chinese colleagues, which is paramount (Dong and Liu, 2010). Other barriers, complications and differences a manager might encounter due to this collectivist culture is group participation. Culture has been seen to be reinforced through education (Hurn, 2011), the methods and differences in education has resulted in differences being displayed by students at university level. Hurn (2011) continues by explaining that British education reinforces monochromatic behaviours such as punctuality and regulations. He contrasts this with Chinese students who experience more home education systems which neglects developing theyre critical skills and group interactions. This lack of criticising other peoples ideas could lead to problems in developing group projects and improving ideas as there is an unwillingness for employees to pitch in their views. UK has a slightly higher than average masculinity score of 66 compared to the worlds average of 50 scoring (iTim International, 2009). This indicates that British culture is very competitive in nature and its people generally more assertive that other countries. This aspect of British culture is very similar to Chinese culture which is also predisposed to competitiveness and achievements, their masculinity scores were identical. From an initial management perspective, a UK manager may not feel that they would need to alter their management strategy concerning competition or achievement elements, however the identical use of deadlines in a Chinese cultural environment may come across complications. These complications could stem from British culture being monochronic contrasting Chinese polychronic view on time (Bhasin, 2007). A British manager in China may wish to address this issue by becoming more flexible to allow for changes and to maintain strong relationships with colleagues to assure people are committed to achieving the deadlines. Another similar trait of British and Chinese culture is the way they approach uncertainty, both scoring below the world average in Hofstedes IBM survey (iTim International, 2009). This perhaps, meaning these cultures are both adept at accepting risk in business. Andrew Barron (2010) cites Perlitz and Seger (2004) highlighting proof of British culture being capable of handling uncertainty by examining the legislative aspect of the nation, finding fewer written laws when compared to other countries. [Such as France for example] Rodrigues and Kaplans (1998) research suggests that there is a trend that countries with low uncertainty avoidance scores consist of low formalised organisations. They continue by explaining that these organisations would have more lenient rules, laws and regulations. This would have implications of management practices operated in the UK and China, managerial decisions are more reliant on the mangers discretion rather than following procedure or protocol. [I disagree, there are still a lot of rules governing how managers and employees act à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Human resources initiatives, health and safety practices etc] Criticising this analysis, the use of Hofstedes work which includes many assumptions may not provide a an accurate due to changes cultures, Bhasin (2007) notices a change in individualism in the new generation of Chinese people. Hofstedes concepts have stopped being further researched and are simply accepted as fact on further cultural studies (Dorfman and Howell, 1988; cited by Swierczek, 1994). Further more, there is a risk of stereotyping nations when addressing culture. However, Fons Trompenaars (Lloyd and Trompenaars, 1994) believes that stereotyping is not bad, as long as negative connotations are avoided and the user of the stereotypes has the knowledge to use them correctly. Management Strategies in Chinese Cultural Environment When dealing in Chinese cultural environment, a manager must understand the concept of guanxi. Liu and Porter (2010) explain that personal networks exist in Chinese cultures, individuals in these networks have guanxi or relationships. Developing guanxi with colleagues is crucial for managers to gain contacts and to improve their working relationship. Due to personal relationships are needed to succeed in China, developing these personal ties are needed for nationals and expatriates to do business (Bhasin, 2007). This brings the question of how managers could develop guanxi with their Chinese counterparts; Yanxia Zhu et al (2007) demonstrates that effective negotiations always start with preliminary meetings before the actual negotiation begins. Therefore, by having preliminary meetings and networking a manager could overcome barriers such as information exchange and accelerating decision making procedures (Dong and Liu 2010). Following on from guanxi is the managerial need to address the concept of quanzi. Whilst guanxi relates to two peoples relationship, quanzi relates to personal networks of many of these relationships. These personal networks can form irregular organisational and hierarchical structures that differ from western organisation structures (Liu and Porter, 2010). Liu and Porter continue by advising the introduction of incentives by organisations to stop this practice such as elevating cooperative staff and by introducing industry best practices. Their study concludes that an organisation must change the culture of its employees, however trying to change peoples predispositions due to culture could seem an unattainable goal. Liu and Porters (2010) statements could be seen as contradictory to Natale et als (1994) view that successful cross cultural management involves realistic objectives, which changing employees culture may well be. Natale et als (1994) state that the issue of communication is fundamental in managing a different culture. This brings into debate which communication strategy is best used in workplaces with Chinese cultural environments. Using a Tell communication style would be appropriate in this instance, when taking in consideration several characteristics of Chinese culture. Their high power index score indicates that there is little dialogue or feedback from subordinates when taking business decisions. Conclusion British and Chinese culture displays very different key traits, however under further scrutiny there can be many similarities prevalent: These two cultures share competitive and risk taking attitudes to business that managers from each culture can appreciate when working in the others environment. Major differences in management techniques exists, partly due to the paternalistic Chinese culture of hierarchy that puts excess respect on age and status and the more equally distributed power distance in the UK. The cross cultural strategies, such as overcoming guanxi and quanzi problems are specifically aimed at combating these in-groups and cliques. However there are many small changes managers can make in their strategies, such as changing their style of communication and the way the personally behave in their counterpart culture.

The Reader :: Literature Literary Text Papers

The Reader In the academic study of literature very little attention has been paid to the ordinary reader, the subjective individual who reads a particular text. David S. Miall and Don Kuiken, in their paper The form of reading: Empirical studies of literariness state, Almost no professional attention is being paid to the ordinary reader, who continues to read for the pleasure of understanding the world of the text rather than for the development of a deconstructive or historicist perspective. The concerns that an ordinary reader seems likely to have about a literary text, such as its style, its narrative structure, or the reader's relation to the author, the impact on the reader's understanding or feelings - such concerns now seem of little interest. In this paper I should like to study a few kinds of reader and the subjectivity of their responses to the objectivity found within literary texts, quoting some views found within reader-response criticism. Before I begin, I should like to consider what is meant by the term 'literary text', and what is meant by the objectivity of it. According to Terry Eagleton, [1] the definition of 'literary', as advanced by the Russian formalists, (who included in their ranks are Viktor Shklovsky, Roman Jakobson, Osip Brik, Yury Tynyanov, Boris Eichenbaum and Boris Tomashevsky), is the peculiar use of language. Literature is said to transform and intensify ordinary language, deviating from the everyday colloquial tongue. The literariness of the language spoken could be determined by the texture, rhythm and resonance of the words used. There is a kind of disproportion between the signifier and the signified, by virtue of the abstract excesses of the language, a language that flaunts itself and evokes rich imagery. Eagleton argues that what distinguishes the literary language from other forms of discourse is the way it 'deforms' ordinary languages in various ways. Under the pressure of literary devices, ordinary language is intensified, condensed, twisted, telescoped, drawn out and turned on its head. [1] According to Wolfgang Iser, [2] a literary work has two poles; the aesthetic and the artistic. The artistic pole is the author's text, and the aesthetic is the realisation accomplished by the reader. Hence the literary work cannot be considered as the actualisation of, or identical to, the text, but is situated somewhere between the two. Iser speaks of the text as a virtual character that cannot be reduced to the reality of text or to the subjectivity of the reader, and it derives its dynamism from that virtuality.